Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• the inflammatory sites. The acidic environment at the inflammatory sites induced MOF disaggregation, resulting in the release of carbon dot-SOD nanozymes and CD98 CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids. The released nanozymes and plasmids contributed to ROS scavenging and reduced the CD98 gene expression, respectively

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• of action of this drug against leishmaniasis. Curc inhibits the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB); the production of TNFα, IFNγ, and nitric oxide; and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [49][51]. These pro-inflammatory factors are related to the parasitic infection of

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• surface area compared to vessels without N-TECs. Moreover, N-TECs have a different gene expression profile. They are characterized by increased expression of genes involved in transport, such as the PLVAP gene, which mediates microvascular permeability and is involved in the formation of endothelial

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• , and H1993 cells harbored MET amplification. Therefore, three types of siRNA were used as EGFR–scFv–arginine nonamer peptide fusion protein complexes, namely siRNA for KRAS, EGFR, and MET gene expression silencing (Figure 1). The synergistic effect of gefitinib and scFv antibody-mediated siRNA delivery

• siRNA in the downregulation of oncogenes offers numerous advantages in combinatorial lung cancer treatment for targeting mutations that contribute to the resistance to cancer therapy. Synthetic siRNA can be designed to inhibit any target gene expression and consequently prevent or decrease target

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• delivered to the target site and suppress the designated gene expression. Furthermore, various CyD-based photoinduced therapies (e.g., photodynamic and photothermal therapies) are described in sections 4 and 5. Finally, some of the recent topics of CyD-based DDSs will be presented in section 6. A

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• commercially available antibiotics. The main parameters that determine the antibacterial action of CQDs are generation of reactive oxygen species, cytoplasm leakage due to DNA binding, and gene expression modulation [28]. In addition, the CQD surface charge affects very much the antibacterial activity of CQDs

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• their osteoinductive properties [40][41]. Chitosan is combined with several polymeric materials and nanoparticles to mimic the natural function of the bone (Table 1) [42][43]. Chitosan biomaterials enhance the proliferation of osteoblasts and the formation of bone minerals by promoting gene expression

• used to assess the osteogenic differentiation potential of these nanoparticles. Alizarin red S test also confirms the development of mineralized nodules. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis reveals that runt-related transcription factor-2 and bone morphogenic protein-2 gene expression was upregulated. The in

• differentiation in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The proliferation of the cells was demonstrated by the alamarBlue test. Further, qRT-PCR analysis showed upregulation of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin gene expression. The Alizarin red S test was carried out by culturing

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• express hypertrophic markers such as type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Mineralization occurs after the tidemark, which is a thin wavy layer between the deep zone and calcified layer [15]. Overall, the complexity of the hierarchical structure and considerable differences visible in the gene

• expression profile of articular cartilage pose important challenges for TE. 3 Cartilage TE OA is a prevalent joint disease characterized by mechanical instability of the joints, cartilage destruction, subchondral bone thickening, inflammation of the synovium, osteophyte formation, degeneration of ligaments

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• absolute telomere length (TL) measurement, and gene and protein assessment of the cells, respectively. It was found that 2.5 µg/mL Ag-NPs caused elongation of the telomeres and altered VEGF, C-TnI, VWF, SMA, GATA-4, TERT, and cyclin D protein and gene expression in the cardiomyogenically differentiated BM

• -MSCs. Also, there was a significant increase in the protein and gene expression of Wnt3 and β-catenin as main components of pathways. We concluded that Ag-NPs could change the in vitro expression of cardiac markers of BM-MSCs via the Wnt3/β-catenin signaling pathway. Keywords: bone marrow-derived MSCs

• the protein and gene expression of TERT and cyclin D The effect of Ag-NPs on TERT protein and gene expression as telomerase catalytic subunit was investigated using western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. Also, the protein and gene expression of cyclin D as cell cycle checkpoint was

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• tumor subtype and define its common chromosomal translocations, shared mutations in oncogenes, gene expression profiles, and immune phenotypes. Such knowledge is important in the development of ligands for targeting a specific subpopulation of cells, based on their molecular profile and specific surface

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• electrophoresis. The cDNA was prepared using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using 1 µg of total RNA according to the protocol recommended by the manufacturer. Gene expression was measured by semi-quantitative real-time PCR using SYBR Green dye (Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix kit

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• oxidative stress and cause apoptosis. In addition, intracellular redox homeostasis and gene expression can be modulated [26]. Lanthanide ions are usually not reported as highly toxic. However, they can interact with proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules [27][28] and might also cause oxidative damage or

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• . Fluorescence microscopy images showed that the highest transfection efficiency was observed with 0.75 µg of pEGFP (Figure 3). No gene expression was obtained by adding only pEGFP in HL-1 cells (data not shown). The results shown in Figure 3b demonstrated that the transfection efficiency of pEGFP increased in a

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• RiboGreen RNA assay (ThermoFisher Scientific) and NanoOrange protein quantification kit (ThermoFisher Scientific), respectively. Knockdown of gene expression by VLP-siGFP MDA-MB-231/GFP cells were seeded in a 12-well plate when the cells reached 70% confluence; they were synchronized in basal media

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 and imaged with laser scanning confocal microscopy (Olympus FV1000, Tokyo, Japan). Gene expression analysis: VEGF gene silencing was determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, AG22331, Eppendorf, Germany). About 3 × 105 A549 cells were

• quantified using SYBR green (BioRad, USA). The relative gene expression was calculated using the ΔΔCt method. β-actin was used as the house-keeping gene. The sequences of the primers used in the study are given in Table 1. Western blot analysis: Total protein was isolated from the A549 cells using cell lysis

• viability was assessed by one-way ANOVA, gene expression, protein expression and migration assay. The level of significance was found using Kruskal–Wallis statistical test or Bonferroni comparison test; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Discussion Complexation of siRNA The content of free

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• influence the promoter activity (gene expression), the activity of messenger RNA (mRNA), gene conformation (stability) and the translational efficiency. Keeping in mind the importance of these modifications, SNPs can be proposed as biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis of diseases, personalized medicine and

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• siRNA-loaded tetrahedrons at the tumor surface 25 min after injection. The siRNA-mediated gene silencing feature was monitored by performing an in vivo firefly luciferase gene expression analysis. The remarkable feature of this study was the one-step synthesis of hybrid DNA–siRNA tetrahedron

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• biocompatibility, molecular recognition, chemical stability, and ability to be taken up in cells, etc. [55]. It is known that in living cells, both pH and temperature fluctuations are experienced during cellular processes such as endosytosis, gene expression, enzymatic reactions and metabolism [56][57]. Abnormal

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• anticancer activities, such as restraining the hTERT gene expression in A549 lung cancer cells [3], inhibiting breast cancer stem-like cells via Wnt β-catenin signaling [4], impeding hepatocellular carcinoma cells by increasing DDX3 expression [5], and inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms because they participate in cell-signaling pathways that control programmed cell death, gene expression, and mechanisms of immune defense [1][2]. Excessive ROS are undesirable because they lead to oxidative

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• induction of stress inside the cell and the activation of the tumour-suppressor gene p53 [73][74], which promotes the downstream gene expression finally leading to an apoptosis. Gene p53 is also activated by phosphorylation, that is, the attachment of the phosphate group (PO43−) to the protein chain [75][76

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for gene expression studies The apoptotic induction capability of CaP@5-FU NPs in HCT-15 cells was further validated by gene expression. For this, a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of antiapoptotic genes and proapoptotic genes in CaP@5-FU

• in the semiquantitative PCR analysis for gene expression studies further confirmed the apoptosis events during the CaP@5-FU NP treatment. Additionally, the intensified apoptotic expression in the cell population during the cell cycle analysis elucidated the role of CaP@5-FU NPs in apoptotic induction

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• the feature geometry and size. Some studies reported that proliferation of SMCs was negatively affected by PDMS microgrooves [204][205] and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube surfaces [31]. However, nanopits positively regulated SMC proliferation and gene expression [30]. In other studies, human SMCs from

• regulated their gene expression [197]. On titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube surfaces, vascular SMCs expressed more SMC α-actin (a marker of differentiation) [129]. YAP/TAZ (Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) is a protein complex that induces the expression of

• study the influence of nucleus morphology in vascular cells gene expression and the role of mechanotransduction mechanisms involving gene regulation. Moreover, a study correlating actin-mediated cell tension, with nuclei deformation and genetic expression changes would be of interest, since it was